Excitatory Negative Peer Attention and Peer Influence
Neumann and Strack (2000) explored how mood contagion operates within groups, demonstrating that disruptive behaviour can negatively affect not just the individual, but also the emotional state of their peers. When a student acts out, their mood can spread through the group, creating a cycle of negativity. This is significant for classroom dynamics, as disruptive behaviours can lead to an overall tense atmosphere, affecting both academic performance and emotional wellbeing. Such contagious negativity underlines the importance of addressing peer dynamics early on, as the effects of mood contagion can have long-lasting consequences on students' social and emotional development.
The Role of Mirror Neurons in Empathy and Peer Relationships
Research by Baird, Scheffer and Wilson (2011) and Valéria Paz et al. (2022) highlights the role of mirror neurons in fostering empathy. The activation of the mirror neuron system allows students to unconsciously mimic the emotional responses of their peers, amplifying both positive and negative emotions. In classroom settings, this explains why negative behaviours, such as teasing or exclusion, can quickly escalate and affect the entire group. The emotional atmosphere created by such interactions underscores the need for teachers to foster positive peer relationships, as mirror neurons can reinforce both empathy and negative emotional contagion.
Dopamine and Impulse Control in Adolescents
The sensitivity of the dopamine system during adolescence, as discussed by Reynolds and Flores (2021), plays a critical role in students' behaviours. Dopamine is strongly involved in reward-seeking behaviour and adolescents are more likely to pursue immediate rewards, including the attention gained from disruptive actions. The brain's reward pathways are more reactive during adolescence, which makes impulsivity and attention-seeking behaviours more prevalent. This understanding underscores the need to guide students toward positive behaviours that elicit dopamine responses associated with achievement, collaboration, or engagement in productive tasks, rather than relying on negative attention-seeking behaviours.
Cortisol and Stress in the Classroom
Chronic stress, as explored by du Plessis et al. (2019), particularly in the context of bullying or peer victimisation, can have damaging effects on emotional regulation and cognitive function. The release of cortisol, a stress hormone, is often triggered by negative peer interactions, leading to disengagement and difficulties in learning. This is particularly evident when students are subjected to attention-seeking behaviour or exclusion. To mitigate these stressors, it is essential to create a classroom environment that supports emotional regulation and fosters positive peer interactions, helping students build resilience and cope with stress.
Building Positive Dopamine Cycles
Lim and Okuno (2014) emphasise the importance of positive social exchanges in activating the brain's reward centres, releasing dopamine in a manner that enhances motivation and emotional wellbeing. Schicker (n.d.) further argues that positive dopamine cycles are crucial for students' motivation, suggesting that positive behaviours such as collaboration, goal achievement, or engaging in physical activities can trigger dopamine release. Creating opportunities for these positive interactions in the classroom can shift the focus from attention-seeking behaviours to more constructive actions, reinforcing a cycle of positive reinforcement that benefits both the individual and the group.
Gender Differences in Stress Responses
Wright and Bukowski (2021) suggest that girls tend to experience heightened cortisol levels and internalise stress in response to social exclusion or relational aggression, often leading to emotional distress. In contrast, boys may exhibit different stress responses, such as aggression or withdrawal, with their reactions more focused on externalising behaviours and status within peer hierarchies. Understanding these differences is critical for developing strategies that cater to the unique emotional needs of both genders and individuals.
Integration of Dopamine Strategies for Classroom Management
Schicker’s article Mastering the Dopamine Game: Turn Your Brain's Chemistry into a Winning Strategy provides practical insights into how students can learn to optimise dopamine levels to enhance motivation and academic success. Schicker differentiates between "cheap dopamine," derived from quick fixes such as playing video games, scrolling through social media, binge-watching TV shows, or constantly checking their phones for notifications, all of which offer quick rewards but may not lead to long-term satisfaction or personal growth., rather than "sustainable dopamine," which comes from effort-driven, goal-oriented behaviours.
Sustainable dopamine refers to activities that provide longer lasting, fulfilling rewards, fostering personal growth and wellbeing over time. Examples include exercising, engaging in creative hobbies, building meaningful relationships, learning new skills, volunteering, or practicing mindfulness and meditation. These activities may take more effort and time, but they contribute to a deeper sense of accomplishment and satisfaction compared to instant gratification.
Schicker also introduces the concept of balancing pleasure and discomfort. Drawing on Dr Anna Lembke’s Dopamine Nation, the article emphasises that indulgence in cheap dopamine can lead to a cycle of excess and eventual burnout. This is particularly relevant in classroom settings, where students may gravitate toward behaviours that offer immediate gratification but do not contribute to long-term goals. By guiding students to embrace the discomfort of challenging tasks or delayed rewards, educators can help them build resilience and enhance their self-regulation.
The practical strategies suggested by Schicker, such as scheduling, minimising distractions and cultivating new habits, align well with promoting healthy dopamine cycles in the classroom. Clear goal setting and reducing exposure to "cheap dopamine" can help students stay focused on tasks that contribute to personal growth. Additionally, incorporating small wins, as suggested by James Clear in Atomic Habits, can trigger dopamine release, reinforcing positive behaviour and increasing students' motivation to engage in productive tasks.
Conclusion
Integrating the insights from the references above enhances our understanding of how peer attention, dopamine dynamics and emotional contagion impact students' behaviours and learning environments. By recognising the complex interplay between emotional contagion, dopamine-driven reward systems and individual stress responses, adults can better support students in cultivating positive peer relationships and self-regulation. Strategies that encourage empathy, impulse control and goal-oriented behaviours, while reducing reliance on negative attention-seeking actions (cheap dopamine), are key to fostering an emotionally and academically supportive classroom environment.
Reflection Questions for Students
- How can your emotions impact your classmates and vice versa?
- Can you think of a time when you saw someone act out for attention? How did it affect the group?
- What are some ways you can improve the way you interact with others, especially when feeling stressed?
- What activities help you feel positive and connected with others? How can you encourage your peers to join you?
Let’s work together to help students foster positive connections and build a supportive, emotionally healthy School community. If you have any questions or would like further assistance regarding student wellbeing, emotional support, or guidance on navigating peer and adult interactions, please feel free to contact me directly. I am here to support both students and families in fostering positive relationships and emotional resilience.
Lyle Gothmann
School Counsellor
Telephone: (07) 46872 627
Email: L.Gothmann@twgs.qld.edu.au
Reference List
Baird, A. D., Scheffer, I. E., & Wilson, S. J. (2011). Mirror neuron system involvement in empathy: A critical look at the evidence. Social Neuroscience, 6(3), 327–335. https://theneuronfamily.com/meet-the-neuron-family/mirror-neuron/
Bosse, T., Duell, R., Memon, Z. A., Treur, J., & van der Wal, N. (2009). A multi-agent model for emotion contagion spirals integrated within a supporting ambient agent model. In P. D. Leen & M. Lees (Eds.), Principles of Practice in Multi-Agent Systems. PRIMA 2009. Lecture Notes in Computer Science (Vol. 5925, pp. 48-67). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-11161-7_4
du Plessis, M. R., Smeekens, S., Cillessen, A. H. N., Whittle, S., & Güroğlu, B. (2019). Bullying the brain? Longitudinal links between childhood peer victimization, cortisol, and adolescent brain structure. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, Article 2706. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02706
Hamilton, D. (n.d.). How to deflect negative emotion. David R. Hamilton. Retrieved October 31, 2024, from https://drdavidhamilton.com/how-to-deflect-negative-emotion/
Lim, A., & Okuno, H. G. (2014). A recipe for empathy: Integrating the mirror system, insula, somatosensory cortex and motherese. International Journal of Social Robotics, 7(1), 5-19. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0262-y
Neumann, R., & Strack, F. (2000). Mood contagion: The automatic transfer of mood between persons. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79(2), 211–223. https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.79.2.211
Reynolds, L. M., & Flores, C. (2021). Mesocorticolimbic dopamine pathways across adolescence: Diversity in development. Frontiers in Neural Circuits, 15, Article 735625. https://doi.org/10.3389/fncir.2021.735625
Schicker, A. (n.d.). Mastering the dopamine game: Turn your brain's chemistry into a winning strategy. Procrastination.com. https://procrastination.com/blog/40/mastering-the-dopamine-game-turn-your-brain-s-chemistry-into-a-winning-strategy
Valéria Paz, L., Wendt Viola, T., Bueno Milanesi, B., Henz Sulzbach, J., Gemerasca Mestriner, R., Wieck, A., & Leal Xavier, L. (2022). Contagious depression: Automatic mimicry and the mirror neuron system—A review. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 134, 104509. https://doi.org/